Pregnancy Information

Country

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Côte d'Ivoire

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czechia (Czech Republic)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Eswatini (fmr. "Swaziland")

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Holy See

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Liechtenstein

100

Lithuania

101

Luxembourg

102

Madagascar

103

Malawi

104

Malaysia

105

Maldives

106

Mali

107

Malta

108

Marshall Islands

109

Mauritania

110

Mauritius

111

Mexico

112

Micronesia

113

Moldova

114

Monaco

115

Mongolia

116

Montenegro

117

Morocco

118

Mozambique

119

Myanmar (formerly Burma)

120

Namibia

121

Nauru

122

Nepal

123

Netherlands

124

New Zealand

125

Nicaragua

126

Niger

127

Nigeria

128

North Korea

129

North Macedonia

130

Norway

131

Oman

132

Pakistan

133

Palau

134

Palestine State

135

Panama

136

Papua New Guinea

137

Paraguay

138

Peru

139

Philippines

140

Poland

141

Portugal

142

Qatar

143

Romania

144

Russia

145

Rwanda

146

Saint Kitts and Nevis

147

Saint Lucia

148

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

149

Samoa

150

San Marino

151

Sao Tome and Principe

152

Saudi Arabia

153

Senegal

154

Serbia

155

Seychelles

156

Sierra Leone

157

Singapore

158

Slovakia

159

Slovenia

160

Solomon Islands

161

Somalia

162

South Africa

163

South Korea

164

South Sudan

165

Spain

166

Sri Lanka

167

Sudan

168

Suriname

169

Sweden

170

Switzerland

171

Syria

172

Tajikistan

173

Tanzania

174

Thailand

175

Timor-Leste

176

Togo

177

Tonga

178

Trinidad and Tobago

179

Tunisia

180

Turkey

181

Turkmenistan

182

Tuvalu

183

Uganda

184

Ukraine

185

United Arab Emirates

186

United Kingdom

187

United States of America

188

Uruguay

189

Uzbekistan

190

Vanuatu

191

Venezuela

192

Vietnam

193

Yemen

194

Zambia

195

Zimbabwe

Click Here To View Full Title Page

Article Navigation

Back To Main Page

Click Here for more articles

Horology - Back in Time

by: Martin Smith

You should be familiar with some terminology before you learn about watches. Horology is the art of making clocks, watches and other devices for telling time and it is also the study/science of measuring time. An effort has been made to measure time since man appeared on earth.

Using candles marked at intervals, tracking the sun in the sky, oil lamps with marked reservoirs, and hour/sandglasses are some of the ways in which time was measured. Cords with knots were use as well as small metal or stone mazes filled with incense that burned at a certain rate. Water clocks did not rely upon the watching of the sky or of the sun.

Around 1500 B.C. the earliest water clock was found in Amenhotep's tomb. They were called Clepsydras by the Greeks and were stone containers with sloped sides that allowed water to drip through a small whole in the bottom at a continuous rate. Cylindrically and bowl shaped containers that allow water to slowly fill up with water at a steady pace are also Clepsydras.

Hours were indicated by the markings on the inside of the bowl. This was used predominantly at night but it is believed they were used in the day hours as well. A bowl made of metal with a hole in the bottom was inside a larger bowl filled with water. It would fill up and it would then sink in a certain amount of time. Water flow was unpredictable and difficult to control accurately so timepieces that depended on water were very inaccurate.

People were desirous of developing more accurate ways of measuring and telling time. Creating a frequency was dependent upon the size, shape and temperature of the crystal in the development of quartz crystal clocks and time pieces. Still popular today are quartz crystal clocks and watches.

Most people can afford them and although they tend to be slightly off of the correct time, they work well for the price. No minute hand was on the first watches but they did have natural movement.

Every twelve hours they required winding. Originally watches were worn for adornment rather than functionality. Weights in portable timepieces were not practical. From the beginning man's goal has been to measure time and a time line will show you how watches have to gottten to be what they are today There are new functions on watches.

They have stop watches, times across time zones, the date and the time. Some kind of an alarm is put in most watches. I can really see the Dick Tracy kind of watch being real, the possibilities are endless. Although some of the years might not be in chronological order but they are as close as possible. Learning how watches have developed is very interesting.

It is incredible when I think of how smart and technical the minds of the people who had their hand in inventing watches. The driving power of timepieces prior to 1600, were balanced weights and it was a huge problem. This created difficulty in carrying them around. Henlien was paid fifteen Florins in 1524 for a gilt-musk apple with a watch. This, in fact, is earliest date known of watch production.

Watches that were probably French or German appeared in 1548. Swiss and English products began to show up in 1575. The was the time when the most advancements and innovation. The first watch movements were made of steel and then later of brass. These straight verge watches had no balance and were awfully inaccurate. The was the introduction of the use of spiral-leaf main springs.

The power of movement without hanging weights was allowed. These timepieces were not continually accurate. 1600 through 1675 was called the age of decoration. Rather than being practical watches developed into decorative pieces of jewelry.

Tambour cylinder cases were changed to a circular case with hinged, domed covers on the front and back. Two types of case Champleve Enamel and relieved cases filled with colored enamel appeared. Glass crystals were fitted to the cases as an alternate choice to metal opaque covers in 1620. The owner was able to see the time without removing the cover because the glass is clear. The cover needed to be removed in order to see the time and/or set the watch.

Plain watches came out of the Puritan movie in 1625. Fancy shapes and adornments were seen mostly on ladies' watches after 1660. The first uses of spiral balance springs in watches occurred in 1675. The accuracy of a time piece was now being measured in fractions of minutes not fractions of hours. A dial was created by watchmakers that had a minute hand and was divided by minutes because of the increased accuracy.

Charles II in 1675 introduced waistcoats with pockets. Men now carried their watches not on a pendant but in their pockets. 1704 was the year Dullier and Debeaigre developed the method of using jewels as bearings. Sully determined in 1715 that creating a small sink around each hole would retain the oil because of the surface tension.

Finding a large diamond endstone in the cock was common in 1725. 1750 saw the beginning of putting watchmaker's names on the dials, it had never been done. A clock made by John Harrison in 1761, that was so accurate they used it during sea voyages to measure longitude. In 1775 Champleve is now rare.

Self-winding watches began to be produced by Purrelet. These watches made by Rareguel, were produced in 1780. The pocket chronometer in 1800 was readily available and an extremely accurate watch. The first one who in 1814 used a push or pump with a rack that operated by pushing the pendant that turned on a ratchet basic or going bowl was Massey.

The first to use mass production was the United States in 1850 and got mixed results. Advances were made in metallurgy in1900. The introduction of the balance spring on the first verge watch was made at this time. Watches powered by batteries became available in 1952. Since 1970 electronic watches have been very successful. Watches today use quartz crystals, and even atomic power.

Advances in the field of Horology are being made all the time and time tracking has never been more accurate.

About the author:
About the Author
Martin Smith is a successful freelance writer providing advice for consumers on purchasing a variety of products which includes
Watches and and more! His numerous articles provide a wonderfully researched resource of interesting and relevant information.

Circulated by Article Emporium

This Static Spot is open for sponsor

Pregnancy Information

Read Articles:

Exercise During Pregnancy

Here is the best assistance concerning pregnanc...

5 Heart Healthy Exercises You Can Do During Pre...

Very Early Symptoms Of Pregnancy - Do You Know ...

Problems Associated With Teen Pregnancy

Pregnancy Weight Gain - The Mystery Solved

Very Early Signs Of Pregnancy - Do You Know The...

Sex During Pregnancy

How To Avoid Swelling When Pregnant

Pregnancy Exercise And Diet Tips - Sensible Adv...

Common Sense Approach To Pregnancy Weight Loss

So You Think You’re Pregnant? A Brief Discussio...

Stress And Pregnancy

Pregnancy Exercise

Five Powerful Tips to Ease Morning Sickness in ...

How To Eat A Healthy Diet During Pregnancy

Dealing With Common Pregnancy Complaints

Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Choosing The Righ...

What is Morning Sickness? Does it mean there's ...

The Best Postpartum Exercise

Successful Weight Loss After Pregnancy

Concerns About Sex During Pregnancy

Smoking During Pregnancy

Dietary Precautions During Pregnancy

Foods To Avoid During Pregnancy

The Importance Of Prenatal Vitamins

6 Reasons to Exercise during Pregnancy

Alcohol And Pregnancy

How Would You Like To Look Sexy During Pregnanc...

You Can Do Exercise During Pregnancy, But Don’t...

Stretch Marks: Prevention And Treatment During ...

Kegal Exercises During Pregnancy

It’s Not A Sin For Pregnant Women To Have A Mas...

Things You Should Avoid During Pregnancy

Morning Sickness - All Day Sickness!

How Much Weight Should You Gain During Pregnancy?

10 Risk Factors that Every Pregnant Woman Shoul...

Ten Questions About Pregnancy You Might Not Wan...

Pregnancy Massage Therapy

7 Tips For A Healthy Pregnancy

More Article Pages 1 - 2

Tips For A Healthy Pregnancy
by: Sarah Mitchell

Giving birth will no doubt be one of the most magical moments of your life and to ensure that your child is strong and happy, it is important you do all you can to have a healthy pregnancy. To help you and your baby on your way, this article has compiled a number of tips that are guaranteed to make those nine pregnancy months the best they can be!

The first thing you must do when you find you are pregnant is to visit an obstetrician/gynecologist (OBGYN). They will give you an ultrasound to see how far along you are and whether your pregnancy appears to be normal. This stage is crucial and it is important not to leave this too late.

After this, you must begin to change your lifestyle. Remember, you are no longer eating and exercising for yourself but for two! Firstly, if you are a smoker or a drinker, you must quit. Cigarette smoke can lead to low birth weight in babies as well as miscarriages and tubal pregnancies so try to avoid second hand smoke as it is not conducive to a healthy pregnancy. The same can be said for alcohol and other toxic chemicals and substances such as paint fumes. These items are both damaging to the mother and to the pregnancy.

Another part of changing your lifestyle is your diet during pregnancy. Make sure to drink plenty of water – about 6 to 8 glasses a day. It is not healthy to be overweight or underweight during a pregnancy but do remember that you shouldn’t diet during pregnancy. Pregnancy is not a time to be worrying about your weight! Don’t skip meals as you and your baby need as much nutrition and calories as possible, although not the fattening kind so make sure you get a balance. Junk food is great to satisfy those crazy pregnancy cravings but try not to go overboard!

If you are worried about weight gain during pregnancy, a great alternative to dieting is light exercise. You may not have loved it before your pregnancy, but learn to love it now as it will definitely pay off in the long run by keeping your baby healthy and your body fit. Light exercises will not harm your pregnancy so try swimming, yoga and walking.

An additional healthy pregnancy tip that those with busy schedules tend to forget is the importance of sleep. Make sure to get plenty of rest so that you and your baby can recuperate and to ensure that your immune system is as strong as possible. It is advised that you rest on your side to reduce swelling and generate the best circulation to your baby.

To recap: avoid damaging substances such as nicotine and alcohol, don’t diet during pregnancy, drink plenty of water, practice as much exercise as safely possible, and get plenty of sleep! Following these pregnancy tips will make certain that you have a healthy pregnancy and have a happy and fit child.

This Static Spot is open for sponsor

Click Here To View Full Title Page

This Static Spot is open for sponsor

Total Views stat / Page Views stat